It is often said that our beliefs and perceptions are products of our environment. While we typically consider the influence of family, school, and peer groups, these microenvironments are themselves shaped by broader cultural and historical forces. In Singapore, the national culture has significantly molded individual behaviors, particularly through the pervasive concepts of "kiasu" and "kiasi." These Hokkien terms—kiasu (fear of losing out) and kiasi (fear of death or danger)—are more than just colloquial expressions; they encapsulate a collective mindset deeply rooted in Singapore’s historical experiences.
Historical Trauma and the Kiasu/Kiasi Mindset
Singapore's journey from a modest fishing village to a global economic powerhouse is marked by a series of traumatic and formative events. The migrant origins of Singapore's population, the brutal experiences of colonization and war, and the subsequent fight for independence have left indelible marks on the national psyche. These collective experiences have been passed down through generations, embedding a sense of vulnerability and a need for self-preservation in the consciousness of the Singaporean people.
The migrant past, where early settlers arrived with little more than hope and a determination to survive, laid the groundwork for a culture of relentless ambition. For these migrants, failure was not an option; their survival depended on outworking and outmaneuvering others in a harsh, competitive environment. This gave rise to the kiasu mentality, where fear of losing out drives a constant quest for success.
Similarly, the trauma of colonization and the Japanese occupation during World War II fostered a deep-seated kiasi mentality. The occupation, marked by violence, deprivation, and uncertainty, instilled a survival instinct that prioritized caution and risk aversion. These historical events taught Singaporeans the harsh lesson that security and stability could not be taken for granted, thus ingraining a collective anxiety about potential threats to well-being.
Singapore’s Scarcity Mindset and the Pursuit of Security
Singapore's geographical constraints and lack of natural resources have further reinforced the kiasu/kiasi mindset. As a small nation with limited land and resources, Singaporeans have developed a shared belief in the need to maximize every opportunity and safeguard what little they have. This scarcity mindset has fueled a highly competitive culture where individuals are driven to excel in their careers, secure financial stability, and maintain social standing.
The emphasis on human capital—often touted as Singapore’s greatest asset—has only intensified this pressure. From a young age, Singaporeans are conditioned to believe that their personal success directly contributes to the nation’s success. This belief system, rooted in the survivalist instincts of the past, has evolved into a modern-day pressure cooker, where the fear of failure is amplified by the collective expectation to thrive.
The Evolution and Consequences of the Kiasu/Kiasi Culture
The kiasu/kiasi culture, often criticized for encouraging selfishness and excessive competitiveness, is a byproduct of Singapore's tumultuous history. The kiasu mentality, born out of the need to survive in a competitive colonial and migrant society, has driven Singaporeans to remarkable achievements on the global stage. However, this same drive has led to significant personal and societal challenges, including high levels of stress, anxiety, and a sometimes cutthroat approach to competition.
Conversely, the kiasi mentality, which developed as a protective response to the traumas of war and occupation, has made Singaporeans more risk-averse and security-focused. While this has contributed to the nation’s stability and order, it has also stifled creativity and innovation in some areas, as individuals and institutions may shy away from taking risks.
Moving Forward: Balancing Historical Legacies with Modern Needs
As Singapore continues to progress, there is an increasing awareness of the need to balance the drive for success with the well-being of individuals and society. The government’s initiatives to promote mental health, work-life balance, and social cohesion are positive steps toward addressing the challenges posed by the kiasu/kiasi culture.
Acknowledging the historical roots of these behaviors allows Singaporeans to better understand their own psyche and make conscious choices about how to live and work. By reframing success to include well-being and by fostering a culture that values both individual achievement and collective well-being, Singapore can honor its past while building a more sustainable and fulfilling future.
In conclusion, the psychology of Singaporeans is deeply intertwined with the country’s historical experiences. The colonial legacy, the trauma of war, and the migrant past have all contributed to the development of a unique mindset characterized by high achievement, stress, and a fear of failure. Understanding these historical influences is crucial for navigating the complexities of modern life in Singapore, helping to foster a society that values both success and well-being.